182 research outputs found

    Trygg i transport – effekten av tid och upprepning pĂ„ unghĂ€stars lasttrĂ€ning

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    HÀstar transporteras över hela vÀrlden i syften som försÀljning, tÀvling, trÀning och djursjukhusvistelse. I mÄnga fall, men kanske frÀmst vid transport till djursjukhus, hinner aldrig den unga hÀsten fÄ trÀna sig pÄ att lastas innan den ska Äka ivÀg nÄgonstans. Den unga hÀsten utsÀtts för mÄnga obekanta och frÀmmande situationer i samband med lastning, nÄgot som medför att den blir stressad. Den obehagskÀnsla eller stress som hÀsten upplever kan uttryckas pÄ flera olika sÀtt, exempelvis beteendemÀssigt eller fysiologiskt. Det krÀvs dÀrför att hÀsten lÀr sig vad transporten innebÀr och att det inte Àr nÄgot att vara rÀdd för, vilket kan innebÀra en svÄr uppgift för djurhÄllaren. Syftet med den hÀr experimentella studien var att fÄ en uppfattning för hur den unga hÀsten pÄverkas av att lastas samt att ge en förstÄelse för hur den orutinerade hÀstens inlÀrning kan tillÀmpas i vardagliga situationer dÄ hÀsthÄllare ska förbereda transport av sina unga hÀstar. Studien inriktade sig dÀrför pÄ att ta reda pÄ hur hÀsten beter sig vid lastning, hur hÀstens puls förÀndras under lastningstillfÀllet, hur lÄng tid det tar att lasta en unghÀst och hur dessa faktorer förÀndras med antalet gÄnger som hÀsten lastas. I studien anvÀndes sex stycken hÀstar av rasen islandshÀst. Samtliga hÀstar lastades tre gÄnger vardera, en gÄng om dagen i tre dagar. Beteenden som registrerades var fekaliserar, stÄr stilla och drar Ät sidan, det kunde utlÀsas att fler beteenden registrerades under dag 1 Àn under dag 2 och 3. Pulsen ökade markant nÀr hÀstarna gick in i transporten jÀmfört med pulsen som mÀttes innan lastning. Pulsen sjönk betydligt nÀr hÀstarna hade lastats av och stod Äter pÄ fast mark igen. Tiden som det tog att lasta hÀstarna minskade för varje dag som de lastades. Studien visar att unghÀstarna rent fysiologiskt Àr mycket mer pÄverkade av att stÄ inne i transporten Àn vad de Àr nÀr de stÄr pÄ vanlig fast mark. Studien klargör ocksÄ att den unga hÀsten med hjÀlp av inlÀrning förstÄr vad det innebÀr att lastas dÄ resultatet tydliggör en signifikant lÀgre puls men Àven mindre uppvisade beteenden med antalet gÄnger som hÀsten blir lastad. Undantaget för den hÀr studien Àr dock hÀstarna hade högre puls vid andra lastningstillfÀllet Àn vid första. Resultatet frÄn lastningstiden tolkas som att det gÄr fortare att lasta en hÀst pÄ en transport med antalet gÄnger som den blir lastad, Ätminstone om inget har skrÀmt hÀsten under tidigare lastningar. Att lastningstrÀna den unga hÀsten innan transportering anses vara av stort vÀrde för att förbÀttra den unga orutinerade hÀstens vÀlfÀrd vid transport.Horses are transported around the world for purposes such as sales, competition, training and veterinary care. In many cases, mainly in transport to the veterinary hospital, the horse has not been trained to be loaded before being transported. The young horse is exposed to many unfamiliar and potentially frightening situations during loading, which can result in stress. The discomfort or stress the horse is experiencing can be expressed behaviorally and/or physiologically. It is therefore required that the horse is habituated to the vehicle and transportation, which could be a difficult task for the horse owner. The aim of this study was to achieve an understanding of how the young horse is affected by loading. I also wanted to show how the inexperienced horse learning theory can be applied in everyday situations when horse keepers prepare for transporting their young horses. The study focused therefore on how the horse behaves when loading, how the horse's heart rate changes during the time of loading, how long it takes to load a young horse, and how these factors change with the number of times the horse is loaded. The study used six Icelandic horses. All horses were loaded three times each, once a day for three consecutive days. The results of the heart rate and loading time were compared and tested for statistical significance. Behaviors recorded were defecation, stand calm and pull to one side. It could be deduced that more behaviors were recorded on day 1 than on day 2 and 3. Heart rate was significantly higher when the horses were in the trailer (P= 0.042) compared with the heart rate that was measured before loading. Heart rate decreased significantly when the horses were unloaded and stood back on solid ground again (P= 0.008). The time it took to load the horses decreased significantly by day (P= 0.002). The study shows that young horses, physiologically, is significantly affected by standing inside the vehicle compared to when they are outside on solid ground. The study also clarifies that the young horse with the help of learning, through repeated exposure, understands what it means to be loaded as the result elucidates a significantly lower heart rate, but also less behavior exhibited by the number of times that the horse will be loaded. Somewhat surprising was that the horses had a higher heart rate the second time of loading than the first. Loading time was reduced with an increasing number of times the horse was loaded. However, this effect might be reversed if something scares the horse during loading. To train the young horse of loading before transportation is considered to be of great value to improve the young horse welfare and human safety during transport

    Produktion hos mjölkkor som utfodras med grÀs-klöver ensilage eller bioraffinerad presskaka av grÀs- klöver ensilage

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    Grass and legumes can do ecosystem services like no other crops and are one of the biggest contributions to protein in dairy cow diets. Biorefining of silage, makes it possible to produce a high-fibre silage pulp (SP) that can be fed to ruminants and a local high-quality protein feed (press juice) for monogastric animals. Earlier studies have shown inconsistent effects on milk production when cows were fed SP. This master thesis will focus on investigation of intake, milk yield and milk composition in dairy cows fed a diet containing grass-clover silage or its biorefined SP from silage. The hypothesis was that the cows would have a similar milk yield when fed a diet containing SP compared to a diet containing grass-clover silage, when both diets are supplemented with concentrates. The experiment was conducted on the organic dairy farm of SötÄsen Agricultural High School, Töreboda, Sweden as a part of a larger EU-project, Green Valleys. The forage was harvested on the farm and stored in a bunker silo and then fed as silage or the silage was biorefined and then fed as SP to the cows. The SP contained higher dry-matter and neutral detergent fibre concentrations, but lower concentrations of crude protein and water-soluble carbohydrates compared to the silage. Seventy-two dairy cows were allocated to two groups and fed a diet containing either silage or SP, supplemented with concentrate, during the whole experiment that lasted for 120 days. The results showed a numerically higher forage dry-matter intake (DMI) for cows fed silage compared to SP. For cows fed SP, the milk yield and the energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield were generally lower compared to cows fed silage. Yields of milk protein and milk fat were lower for cows fed SP compared to cows fed silage, and the milk lactose yield showed a similar tendency as the milk fat and milk protein yields. The milk composition was not affected by the diets. Body-condition scores and body weights of the cows were not affected by the treatments

    A comparison of workload between showjumpers and dressagehorses through the application Equilab.

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    A comparison of workload between showjumpers and dressagehorses through the application Equilab. Horse owners and riders put a lot of time and effort how to train and feed the horse so it can perform as well as they want it to. How to feed the horse is easy to calculate and there are instructions for this that many use today. The problem is to estimate how to train the horse and how hard the horse is training. Studies have come to conclusions that how the horse is trained is the key to a long termed sustainable horse and that training is basically about strengthening the horse body to minimize the risk of injuries. The company Equilab has developed an application to track every ride. The application uses a GPS to track where you are riding, how fast, the distance, which gait, for how long and space to take notes after the training. In this study this application has been used to analyze and evaluate the workload of schoolhorses in both showjumping and dressage at the National Equestrian Centre Strömsholm. The questions are how does the everyday training and workload for showjumpers differ compared to dressage horses and how useful the Equilab application is to evaluate the workload of horses? It was 13 horses participating in the study and all of them were schoolhorses. Five of them were showjumpers and eight of them were dressagehorses. The rider of the horse wrote a note after every ride what type of training, the distance, time for every gait and the horses power consumption. The study went on for about four weeks. The feeding rations of the horses were registered, and the individual amount of daily energy intake was calculated. The result showed that showjumpers had significantly higher workload than dressagehorses. The result also showed that the feed energy intake for each horse were very similar to their needs. The conclusion was that there is a difference in the everyday work for showjumpers and dressagehorses. The difference was that the showjumpers gets a more varied schedule with a variation in types of work and a higher workload than the dressagehorses. The application Equilab was useful for forming an idea of how the horse is trained. However, a development of GPS receivers as well as the applications measurement of energy consumption is required to get a greater picture of the training.Ryttare och hÀstmÀnniskor i stort Àr duktiga pÄ att rÀkna foderstater och lÀgga upp en trÀningsplanering för att hÀsten ska kunna mÄ och prestera sÄ bra som möjligt. Att rÀkna foderstater Àr lÀtt att lÀra sig och det finns anvisningar för detta som mÄnga anvÀnder idag. Det Àr dock svÄrare att lÀgga upp en trÀningsplanering för sin hÀst, dessutom Àr det svÄrt att veta exakt hur arbetsamma de olika ridpassen faktiskt Àr för hÀsten. För att ta reda pÄ detta har applikationen Equilab tagits fram. Med hjÀlp av Equilab gÄr det med en GPS-mottagare att bland annat mÀta tid, distans, gÄngartsfördelning och energiförbrukning hos bÄde hÀst och ryttare under ridpasset. Studien innefattade 13 hÀstar i disciplinerna hoppning och dressyr som alla gick som skolhÀstar pÄ Hippologprogrammet pÄ Ridskolan Strömsholm. Med hjÀlp av applikationen har dessa hÀstars trÀningsschema följts och utvÀrderats med syfte att jÀmföra den vardagliga ridtrÀningen och arbetsmÀngden mellan de olika disciplinerna. I studien har det Àven tittats nÀrmare pÄ utfodringen av hÀstarna och hur stort arbetstillÀgget var jÀmfört med hur behovet faktiskt sÄg ut. Med hjÀlp av resultatet har Àven anvÀndbarheten av applikationen kunnat utvÀrderas för att komma fram till att anvÀndbarheten Àr hög för att ta reda pÄ tid, gÄngartsfördelning och distans vid uteridning. AnvÀndbarheten Àr dÀremot lÀgre vid mÀtning av energiförbrukning och distans vid inomhusridning. Resultatet visade att skillnaden för hopp- och dressyrhÀstar var ytterst liten. Den enda egentliga skillnaden som faktiskt fanns var i arbetsmÀngden, dÀr hopphÀstarna lÄg lite högre Àn dressyrhÀstarna. Det gick Àven att se en skillnad i hur variationen av ridpassen sÄg ut dÀr hopphÀstarna hade fler olika typarbeten pÄ sina scheman Àn dressyrhÀstarna. HÀstarnas foderstater var vÀl utrÀknade och stÀmde bra överens med hur mycket arbetstillÀgg hÀstarna behövde. Studien skulle kunna ligga till grund för framtida studier om trÀningsupplÀgg och arbetsbelastning för ridhÀstar inom hoppning och dressyr. För att göra resultatet mer tillförlitligt behövs det Àven anvÀndas andra hjÀlpmedel sÄ som pulsmÀtare och laktatprov

    Securities Regulation: Shareholder Derivative Actions Against Insiders Under Rule 10b-5

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    After a general examination of Rule 10b-5 in the context of its traditional application, this comment focuses on the recent developments concerning the rule\u27s function as a weapon for the enforcement of controlling insiders\u27 duties to their corporation

    How and why should we use environmental enrichment to prevent and reduce stereotypic behavior in zoo animals?

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    Syftet med det hĂ€r arbetet Ă€r att ge en inblick i hur miljöberikning har utvecklats samt hur det kan pĂ„verka stereotypa beteenden hos djur i djurparksmiljöer. Stereotypi Ă€r repetitiva beteendemönster som uppkommer av frustration och/eller av funktionsnedsĂ€ttning i hjĂ€rnan. Stereotypa beteenden ses som tydliga tecken pĂ„ nedsatt vĂ€lfĂ€rd och förekommer i stort sett hos alla djurparksdjur i olika former. De mest förekommande stereotypa beteendena Ă€r s.k. "pacing" och oral stereotypi. SĂ€rskilt kĂ€nsliga för att utveckla dessa beteenden Ă€r karnivorer, primater och hovdjur. Det vanligaste och mest vĂ€lgörande sĂ€ttet att förebygga och behandla stereotypi Ă€r med hjĂ€lp av miljöberikning. Miljöberikning Ă€r ett brett begrepp vars mĂ„l Ă€r att stimulera till naturliga beteenden och öka djurens vĂ€lmĂ„ende. Berikning har som behandlingsmetod vuxit stort i intresse de senaste 30 Ă„ren men fortfarande Ă€r det bara en brĂ„kdel av alla djurparksdjur som blir berikade. Vanligast Ă€r att studier och berikning bedrivs pĂ„ dĂ€ggdjur samt djur som hĂ„lls i bevarandesyfte. Hos alla djurparks arter Ă€r de mest anvĂ€nda berikningsmetoderna matberikning och kognitiv berikning. Hittills har man dock Ă€nnu inte lyckats med att helt reducera ett redan utvecklat stereotypt beteende. Det kan bero pĂ„ att den nuvarande berikningen inte Ă€r optimal eller att de inte har hanterats vid rĂ€tt tidpunkt. Även om anvĂ€ndningen av berikning inte Ă€r nĂ„gon 100 % lösning Ă€r det Ă€ndĂ„ mycket viktigt att berika djurens miljö redan innan de stereotypa beteendena uppkommer för att minska risken att beteendena uppkommer. Mer kunskap om hur man berikar, vilka metoder som Ă€r mest optimala för varje enskild individ, samt mer kunskaper om vilka beteenden som Ă€r djurens naturliga behövs för att fĂ„ mer lyckade resultat

    Nutrient leakage from horse paddocks

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    I hĂ€stens urin och trĂ€ck finns kvĂ€ve och fosfor som Ă€r tvĂ„ vĂ€xtnĂ€ringsĂ€mnen som till stor del bidrar till övergödningen av sjöar och vattendrag. Det finns risk att dessa vĂ€xtnĂ€ringsĂ€mnen lĂ€cker frĂ„n hĂ€sthagarna om inte hagarna sköts om pĂ„ rĂ€tt sĂ€tt. I denna litteraturstudie undersöks hur mycket vĂ€xtnĂ€ring som lĂ€cker frĂ„n hĂ€sthagar och vilka Ă„tgĂ€rder som kan vidtas för att minska detta. Olika faktorer har pĂ„visats inverka pĂ„ hur mycket kvĂ€ve och fosfor som finns tillgĂ€ngligt i marken i hĂ€sthagarna. SĂ„dana faktorer Ă€r till exempel hur och var hĂ€sten utfodras, hur ofta hagen mockas och om det finns kala flĂ€ckar utan vĂ€xtlighet i hagen. Även djurtĂ€theten kan pĂ„verka hur mycket kvĂ€ve och fosfor som ackumuleras i marken. Hög djurtĂ€thet i samband med att hagen inte mockas har pĂ„visats ge ett positivt samband mellan hagens Ă„lder och halterna av kvĂ€ve och fosfor i marken. De över tid förhöjda halterna av fosfor och kvĂ€ve i jorden kan bidra till övergödningen i sjöar och vattendrag genom att vĂ€xtnĂ€ringen lĂ€cker frĂ„n markerna via drĂ€neringsvatten.Nitrogen and phosphorus are plant nutrients in urine and faeces of horses. These plant nutrients can contribute to the eutrophication of lakes and streams. They are most likely to leak from horse paddocks that are not properly taken care of. This literature study will examine how much plant nutrient that may leak from horse paddocks, and which measures that can be taken to reduce it. Various factors have been shown to influence the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus available in the soil in horse paddocks, for example how and where the horses are fed, how often the paddock is cleaned and if there are bare spots without vegetation in the paddock. The density of horses in the paddock may also affect the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus available in the soil. High animal density together with uncleaned paddocks has been reported to result in a positive correlation between paddock age and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil. The elevated levels of phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil can over time contribute to the eutrophication of lakes and streams by leaching from the fields via drainage water

    Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and cell activation in patients and shed mediastinal blood during coronary artery bypass grafting with a new heparin-coated surface

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    AbstractObjectives: Heparin coating of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit is shown to improve the biocompatibility of the surface. We have studied a new heparin surface, the Corline Heparin Surface, applied to a complete set of an extracorporeal device used during coronary artery bypass grafting in terms of activation of inflammation, coagulation, and fibrinolysis in patients and in shed mediastinal blood. Methods: Sixty patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting were randomized to one of 3 groups with heparin-coated devices receiving either a standard, high, or low dose of systemic heparin or to an uncoated but otherwise identical circuit receiving a standard dose of systemic heparin. Samples were drawn before, during, and after the operation from the pericardial cavity and in shed mediastinal blood. No autotransfusion of shed mediastinal blood was performed. Results: The Corline Heparin Surface significantly reduced the activation of coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelets, and inflammation compared with that seen with the uncoated surface in combination with a standard dose of systemic heparin during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Both a decrease and an increase of systemic heparin in combination with the coated heparin surface resulted in higher activation of these processes. A significantly higher expression of all studied parameters was found in the shed mediastinal blood compared with in systemic blood at the same time. Conclusions: The Corline Heparin Surface used in cardiopulmonary bypass proved to be more biocompatible than an uncoated surface when using a standard systemic heparin dose. The low dose of systemic heparin might not be sufficient to maintain the antithrombotic activity, and the high dose resulted in direct cell activation rather than a further anti-inflammatory and anticoagulatory effect.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;124:321-3

    Influence of wall thickness and diameter on arterial shear wave elastography: a phantom and finite element study

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    Quantitative, non-invasive and local measurements of arterial mechanical properties could be highly beneficial for early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease and follow up of treatment. Arterial shear wave elastography (SWE) and wave velocity dispersion analysis have previously been applied to measure arterial stiffness. Arterial wall thickness (h) and inner diameter (D) vary with age and pathology and may influence the shear wave propagation. Nevertheless, the effect of arterial geometry in SWE has not yet been systematically investigated. In this study the influence of geometry on the estimated mechanical properties of plates (h = 0.5–3 mm) and hollow cylinders (h = 1, 2 and 3 mm, D = 6 mm) was assessed by experiments in phantoms and by finite element method simulations. In addition, simulations in hollow cylinders with wall thickness difficult to achieve in phantoms were performed (h = 0.5–1.3 mm, D = 5–8 mm). The phase velocity curves obtained from experiments and simulations were compared in the frequency range 200–1000 Hz and showed good agreement (R2 = 0.80 ± 0.07 for plates and R2 = 0.82 ± 0.04 for hollow cylinders). Wall thickness had a larger effect than diameter on the dispersion curves, which did not have major effects above 400 Hz. An underestimation of 0.1–0.2 mm in wall thickness introduces an error 4–9 kPa in hollow cylinders with shear modulus of 21–26 kPa. Therefore, wall thickness should correctly be measured in arterial SWE applications for accurate mechanical properties estimation

    Milk Production of Dairy Cows Fed Grass-Clover Silage Pulp

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    Silage pulp (SP) is a byproduct from biorefinary of silage that can be used as forage source for ruminants. However, there is a lack of information regarding the complete replacement of dietary silage for SP on performance of dairy cows. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the complete substitution of dietary grass-clover silage for SP on milk production of dairy cows. Grass-clover mixture was harvested, wilted, and ensiled in bunker silos. The silage was screw pressed in a biorefinery for solid (SP) and liquid (protein-rich juice) separation. Seventy-two lactating cows were used in a completely randomized block design, receiving either the original silage- or SP-based diets. The SP-based diet had lower concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein but greater fibre concentration compared to the silage-based diet. Milk yield and energy corrected milk were generally greater for cows receiving the silage-based diet compared to the SP-based diet. Cows receiving the silage-based diet had a greater yields of milk protein and milk fat, and tended to have a greater yield of milk lactose than cows receiving the SP-based diet. Milk composition, body condition score and body weight were not affected by diets. The complete substitution of silage for SP reduced the lactation performance of dairy cows over time

    Preface and Acknowledgement

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    Background. The choice of treatment strategy for coronary artery disease is often based on: 1) anatomical information on stenosis locations, and 2) functional information on their haemodynamic relevance, e.g. myocardial deformation or perfusion. Inspecting a single fused image containing both anatomical and functional information, as opposed to viewing separate images side-by-side, facilitates this treatment choice. The aim of this study is to develop a novel cardiac fusion imaging technique to combine 3D+time echocardiography (3DE) (functional information) with coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) (anatomical information). Method. 3DE and CCTA data sets were obtained from 20 patients with suspected coronary artery disease. The coronary artery tree was segmented from the CCTA images. A semi-automatic fusion algorithm was developed to perform the following steps: The left ventricle (LV) 3D surfaces were segmented in the CCTA image and 3DE images and used to align the two data sets. The moving 3DE LV was then visualized along with the CCTA coronary arteries. Myocardial strain was estimated and visualized on the LV surface. Results. Preliminary fusion results from images of one patient have been obtained. The figure shows the CCTA coronary artery tree aligned with a) 3DE LV endocardium in end-systole, b) 3DE LV endocardium in end-diastole, and c) 3DE LV with colour-coded instantaneous longitudinal strain. Discussion. Preliminary results show that fusion of CCTA and 3DE images is feasible. However, the algorithm needs to be further developed to increase automation and include other functional parameters, such as myocardial perfusion. Moreover, a validation study to assess algorithm performance and diagnostic value in multiple patients will be performed. QC 20150122</p
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